{"id":654,"date":"2025-08-12T13:36:15","date_gmt":"2025-08-12T06:36:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/?p=654"},"modified":"2025-12-09T23:06:15","modified_gmt":"2025-12-09T16:06:15","slug":"kiss-dry-yagni-3-nguyen-tac-vang-trong-phat-trien-phan-mem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/kiss-dry-yagni-3-nguyen-tac-vang-trong-phat-trien-phan-mem\/","title":{"rendered":"KISS, DRY, YAGNI – 3 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0ng trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, n\u01a1i m\u1ed7i d\u00f2ng code \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng\u201d cho m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t \u201cqu\u1ea3 bom h\u1eb9n gi\u1edd\u201d c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m, ch\u00fang ta – nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean – c\u1ea7n h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng vi\u1ebft code ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c . Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n vi\u1ebft code c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc KISS<\/strong>, DRY<\/strong>, v\u00e0 YAGNI<\/strong> l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ba \u201ckim ch\u1ec9 nam\u201d \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng minh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb qua h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u su\u00f4ng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft tinh c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m x\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e1u t\u1eeb v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng\u2026 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o \u00fd ngh\u0129a, t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1eb1ng sau, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ba nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y. H\u00e3y coi \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. T\u1ed5ng quan<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

KISS, DRY v\u00e0 YAGNI th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 “nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m”<\/strong> (software design principles) ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 “nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh”<\/strong> (programming principles \/ coding principles).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00fang thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m “best practices”<\/strong> \u2013 t\u1ee9c c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i gi\u00fap code d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec, d\u1ec5 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"thiet<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ngo\u00e0i ba nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean c\u00f2n hay nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • SOLID<\/strong> \u2013 5 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • GRASP<\/strong> \u2013 Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m trong OOP.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • SoC<\/strong> (Separation of Concerns) \u2013 T\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • SNE<\/strong> (Simple, Not Easy) \u2013 kh\u00e1 gi\u1ed1ng KISS nh\u01b0ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o \u201cgi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Occam\u2019s Razor<\/strong> \u2013 Ch\u1ecdn gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Fail Fast<\/strong> \u2013 Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ed7i c\u00e0ng s\u1edbm c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    Trong ph\u1ea1m vi b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd t\u1eadp trung t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ch\u00ednh v\u1ec1 KISS, DRY v\u00e0 YAGNI<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2. KISS \u2014 Keep It Simple, Stupid<\/h2>\n\n\n
    \n
    \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

    2.1 \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a & tri\u1ebft l\u00fd<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    KISS l\u00e0 l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf: Gi\u1eef m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. Trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft code, \u201c\u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n\u201d kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ecf b\u1edbt t\u00ednh n\u0103ng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 t\u00edch l\u0169y c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. M\u1ed9t h\u00e0m ban \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 10 d\u00f2ng, sau v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n \u201cch\u1eafp v\u00e1\u201d tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh 200 d\u00f2ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e1nh r\u1ebd, khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2.2 V\u00ec sao KISS quan tr\u1ecdng?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
      \n
    • T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec<\/strong>: Code \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n gi\u00fap l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi v\u00e0o d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Gi\u1ea3m r\u1ee7i ro l\u1ed7i<\/strong>: M\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n logic th\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 bug xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • T\u1ed1i \u01b0u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/strong>: M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng th\u00eam t\u00ednh n\u0103ng h\u01a1n n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng r\u1ed1i r\u1eafm.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      2.3 Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
        \n
      • Lu\u00f4n h\u1ecfi: \u201cC\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng?\u201d<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Tr\u00e1nh \u201ct\u1ed1i \u01b0u s\u1edbm\u201d (premature optimization<\/em>).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n quen thu\u1ed9c thay v\u00ec \u201cs\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o\u201d nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ai hi\u1ec3u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        2.4 V\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

        B\u00e0i to\u00e1n: T\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng (c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 thu\u1ebf)<\/strong>
        B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m trong gi\u1ecf h\u00e0ng, m\u1ed7i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n
        • price<\/code>: gi\u00e1<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • quantity<\/code>: s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 discount<\/code> (t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Thu\u1ebf VAT l\u00e0 10%
          M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau: T\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n kh\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

          \u274c C\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, vi ph\u1ea1m KISS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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