{"id":22,"date":"2025-07-22T02:48:27","date_gmt":"2025-07-22T02:48:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/?p=22"},"modified":"2025-12-07T11:06:43","modified_gmt":"2025-12-07T04:06:43","slug":"solid-nguyen-ly-thiet-ke-phan-mem-huong-doi-tuong-ben-vung","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/solid-nguyen-ly-thiet-ke-phan-mem-huong-doi-tuong-ben-vung\/","title":{"rendered":"SOLID l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ai c\u0169ng mong mu\u1ed1n t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh m\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u00e0 \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7 linh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ngay t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng code \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng xo\u00e1y ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, kh\u00f3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m khi b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do c\u00e1c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng qua th\u1eddi gian. V\u00e0 trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng kim ch\u1ec9 nam \u1ea5y, SOLID n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, gi\u00fap ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, d\u1ec5 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. SOLID l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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\"Solid<\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

SOLID<\/strong> l\u00e0 t\u1eeb vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a 5 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • S \u2013 Single Responsibility Principle<\/strong> (Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01a1n)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • O \u2013 Open\/Closed Principle<\/strong> (Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3ng\/m\u1edf)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • L \u2013 Liskov Substitution Principle<\/strong> (Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd thay th\u1ebf Liskov)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • I \u2013 Interface Segregation Principle<\/strong> (Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch giao di\u1ec7n)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • D \u2013 Dependency Inversion Principle<\/strong> (Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u b\u1edfi Robert C. Martin (Uncle Bob) v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Agile, b\u1ed9 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y ra \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec, d\u1ec5 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, d\u1ec5 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n.
    D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng Java, C#, Python hay b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef OOP n\u00e0o, SOLID v\u1eabn l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ed1ng kh\u1ecfe\u201d l\u00e2u d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a SOLID<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o t\u1eebng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd, h\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng SOLID kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 l\u1eabn nhau.
    M\u1ed7i nguy\u00ean l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, nh\u01b0ng khi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc gi\u00fap code v\u1eeba d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc, v\u1eeba d\u1ec5 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 5 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd n\u00e0y \u2013 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ch\u1eef S<\/strong> v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u1edf D<\/strong> \u2013 \u0111\u1ec3 xem ch\u00fang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch g\u00ec trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"5<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    2.1 Single Responsibility Principle (SRP) \u2013 Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01a1n<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    M\u1ed9t class ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: M\u1ed7i class n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m duy nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong class \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ph\u00eda duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    V\u00ed d\u1ee5 vi ph\u1ea1m SRP:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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