{"id":1992,"date":"2025-10-07T00:21:29","date_gmt":"2025-10-06T17:21:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/?p=1992"},"modified":"2026-01-20T23:25:12","modified_gmt":"2026-01-20T16:25:12","slug":"tim-hieu-bios-may-tinh-cau-truc-vai-tro-va-cach-khac-phuc-su-co-thuong-gap","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/tim-hieu-bios-may-tinh-cau-truc-vai-tro-va-cach-khac-phuc-su-co-thuong-gap\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u BIOS m\u00e1y t\u00ednh: C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Khi nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u0129 ngay \u0111\u1ebfn CPU, RAM hay \u1ed5 c\u1ee9ng \u2014 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n m\u00e0 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi: <strong>BIOS<\/strong>. D\u00f9 nh\u1ecf b\u00e9, BIOS l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u201ctr\u00e1i tim \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1eadp\u201d khi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ki\u1ec3m tra ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng, kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, v\u00e0 trao quy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n cho h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 BIOS gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u201cth\u1ee9c d\u1eady\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng hay t\u1ed1i \u01b0u hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd c\u00f9ng b\u1ea1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u chi ti\u1ebft BIOS l\u00e0 g\u00ec, n\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ra sao, kh\u00e1c g\u00ec v\u1edbi UEFI, v\u00e0 v\u00ec sao ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 BIOS v\u1eabn c\u00f2n quan tr\u1ecdng ngay c\u1ea3 trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"735\" height=\"385\" src=\"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bios.jpg\" alt=\"T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u BIOS m\u00e1y t\u00ednh: C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p\" class=\"wp-image-1997\" style=\"width:805px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bios.jpg 735w, https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bios-300x157.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 735px) 100vw, 735px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. BIOS l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>BIOS (Basic Input\/Output System)<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t firmware \u2014 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng \u2014 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong m\u1ed9t <strong>chip nh\u1edb<\/strong> g\u1eafn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tr\u00ean bo m\u1ea1ch ch\u1ee7 (tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ROM, c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n nay th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 Flash ROM \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c). Khi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eadt, BIOS l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t, ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m tra c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n (POST \u2013 <em>Power-On Self Test<\/em>), r\u1ed3i n\u1ea1p bootloader c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb RAM.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, BIOS ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u1eefa ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n trong m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u201cth\u1ee9c d\u1eady\u201d v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f9ng nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t:<\/strong> BIOS l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng <em>firmware c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p<\/em>, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh. D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n d\u00f9ng Windows, Linux hay macOS, BIOS v\u1eabn l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u\u201d cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed:<\/strong> BIOS xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi IBM PC \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n chung cho c\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Sau n\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 Phoenix, Award, AMI\u2026 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n BIOS ri\u00eang, b\u1ed5 sung t\u00ednh n\u0103ng v\u00e0 giao di\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>V\u1ecb tr\u00ed:<\/strong> BIOS \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u trong m\u1ed9t chip nh\u1ecf tr\u00ean bo m\u1ea1ch ch\u1ee7. B\u00ean trong chip n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e3 (<em>routines<\/em>) cho ph\u00e9p CPU giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb nh\u01b0 b\u00e0n ph\u00edm, \u1ed5 \u0111\u0129a, c\u1ed5ng USB hay card \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda ngay c\u1ea3 khi h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea3i.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t:<\/strong> BIOS kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c firmware kh\u00e1c \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) l\u00e0 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01a1n \u2014 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u1ed5 c\u1ee9ng dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn, giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt cao h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a BIOS trong m\u00e1y t\u00ednh<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">BIOS \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u2013 n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 trung gian gi\u1eefa ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh, gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n trong m\u00e1y t\u00ednh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a BIOS g\u1ed3m c\u00f3:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"801\" height=\"451\" src=\"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bios-la-gi.jpg\" alt=\"Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a BIOS trong m\u00e1y t\u00ednh\" class=\"wp-image-2001\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bios-la-gi.jpg 801w, https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bios-la-gi-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bios-la-gi-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 801px) 100vw, 801px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.1 POST (Power-On Self-Test)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng nh\u1ea5n n\u00fat ngu\u1ed3n, BIOS l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u1ea1y. N\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng (POST) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 CPU, RAM, card \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda, b\u00e0n ph\u00edm v\u00e0 \u1ed5 \u0111\u0129a \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u1ebfu ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ed7i, BIOS s\u1ebd b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng b\u00edp ho\u1eb7c m\u00e3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.2 Bootstrap Loader<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sau khi POST ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, BIOS t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng (nh\u01b0 \u1ed5 SSD, HDD ho\u1eb7c USB) d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc sector kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng (MBR ho\u1eb7c GPT) c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3, r\u1ed3i n\u1ea1p ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng (bootloader) v\u00e0o RAM. Bootloader n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh, gi\u00fap qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n giao di\u1ec5n ra tr\u01a1n tru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.3 CMOS Setup Utility (BIOS Setup)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">BIOS t\u00edch h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 BIOS Setup, n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: th\u1eddi gian h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u1eaft ho\u1eb7c b\u1eadt thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ngo\u1ea1i vi, thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 CPU, hay \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1eadt kh\u1ea9u b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 BIOS. Nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u trong b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb CMOS v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec nh\u1edd vi\u00ean pin CMOS tr\u00ean mainboard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.4 Hardware Initialization<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, BIOS ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o (initialize) v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o (enumerate) c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u1ed5 \u0111\u0129a, c\u1ed5ng USB, ho\u1eb7c card m\u1ea1ng ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.5 B\u1ea3o m\u1eadt c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 BIOS c\u00f2n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1eadt kh\u1ea9u cho BIOS ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n truy c\u1eadp tr\u00e1i ph\u00e9p. \u1ede c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, BIOS (ho\u1eb7c UEFI) c\u00f2n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf Secure Boot v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi TPM (Trusted Platform Module) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p ch\u1ea1y \u2014 gi\u00fap b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ecfi m\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed9c \u1edf c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a BIOS<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac BIOS \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00e1 g\u1ecdn g\u00e0ng nh\u01b0ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng. V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, BIOS bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"666\" src=\"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bios-computer-min.jpg\" alt=\"C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a BIOS\" class=\"wp-image-2005\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bios-computer-min.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bios-computer-min-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bios-computer-min-768x511.jpg 768w, https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bios-computer-min-800x533.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.1 Boot Block<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u00e3 nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng. Boot Block ch\u1ee9a \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o ban \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ngay c\u1ea3 khi ph\u1ea7n firmware ch\u00ednh b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng. N\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 b\u1ecb ghi \u0111\u00e8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.2 POST Code Routines<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n POST (Power-On Self-Test). Khi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh b\u1eadt l\u00ean, BIOS ch\u1ea1y c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra CPU, RAM, VGA, b\u00e0n ph\u00edm\u2026 N\u1ebfu ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ed7i, BIOS s\u1ebd g\u1eedi t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u th\u00f4ng qua beep code (\u00e2m thanh b\u00edp) ho\u1eb7c m\u00e3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng ho\u1eb7c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt vi\u00ean d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.3 Setup Utility<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 giao di\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5n ph\u00edm nh\u01b0 Del, F2 ho\u1eb7c F10 khi kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u00f9y phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n BIOS, giao di\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf d\u1ea1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda (GUI). T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi gian h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p CPU, t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 bus, hay m\u1eadt kh\u1ea9u b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.4 Driver Routines<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">BIOS cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c driver c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh ho\u1eb7c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 b\u00e0n ph\u00edm, c\u1ed5ng COM, \u1ed5 \u0111\u0129a, ho\u1eb7c card \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda. Nh\u1eefng driver n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 \u201cb\u1eafc c\u1ea7u\u201d cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh n\u1ea1p c\u00e1c driver ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.5 V\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u01b0u tr\u1eef<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ng\u00e0y nay, BIOS th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong chip Flash ROM (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 SPI flash) g\u1eafn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tr\u00ean bo m\u1ea1ch ch\u1ee7. Lo\u1ea1i chip n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng reflash BIOS \u2013 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c thay th\u1ebf firmware \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i, n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p t\u00ednh n\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 CPU m\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thay ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.6 BIOS v\u00e0 CMOS<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc c\u00f9ng nhau, BIOS v\u00e0 CMOS l\u00e0 hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c nhau. BIOS l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00f2n CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng nh\u1edb nh\u1ecf l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp BIOS nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y gi\u1edd, th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 SATA&#8230; Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y CMOS \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec b\u1edfi pin CMOS, nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7n nay nhi\u1ec1u bo m\u1ea1ch ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n sang d\u00f9ng NVRAM ho\u1eb7c EEPROM, gi\u00fap l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u00edt ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o pin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Quy tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a BIOS khi kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e1y<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 h\u00ecnh dung, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a BIOS di\u1ec5n ra theo m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i b\u01b0\u1edbc logic v\u00e0 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. M\u1ed7i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"910\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bios-hoat-dong.jpg\" alt=\"Quy tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a BIOS khi kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e1y\" class=\"wp-image-2011\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bios-hoat-dong.jpg 910w, https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bios-hoat-dong-300x165.jpg 300w, https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bios-hoat-dong-768x422.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 910px) 100vw, 910px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.1 Ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Khi b\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5n n\u00fat ngu\u1ed3n, PSU (Power Supply Unit) b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cung c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 bo m\u1ea1ch ch\u1ee7. CPU ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c thi l\u1ec7nh t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t <strong>\u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/strong> \u2014 n\u01a1i l\u01b0u m\u00e3 BIOS \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, BIOS b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.2 POST (Power-On Self-Test)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ngay sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t, BIOS ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh POST \u2013 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ec3m tra h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t ki\u1ec3m tra CPU, RAM, card \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda (GPU), chipset, controller \u1ed5 \u0111\u0129a, b\u00e0n ph\u00edm v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu kh\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ed7i, BIOS s\u1ebd b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng beep code (\u00e2m thanh c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o) ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb <strong>m\u00e3 l\u1ed7i<\/strong> tr\u00ean m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh, gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.3 Kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb (Initialise Devices \/ Enumerate)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sau khi POST ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, BIOS ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o\/\u0111\u1ea7u ra nh\u01b0 \u1ed5 \u0111\u0129a c\u1ee9ng, c\u1ed5ng USB, card m\u1ea1ng, c\u1ed5ng SATA, PCIe controller&#8230;. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y gi\u00fap BIOS \u201cli\u1ec7t k\u00ea\u201d (enumerate) t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng cho giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u1ebfp theo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.4 T\u00ecm thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng (Find Boot Device)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ti\u1ebfp theo, BIOS t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng (boot order) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp trong BIOS Setup. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 SSD \u2192 USB \u2192 CD\/DVD \u2192 Network (PXE).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.5 N\u1ea1p bootloader (Load Bootloader)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Khi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng, BIOS s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecdc sector kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 MBR trong BIOS truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c EFI executable trong UEFI). Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e3 bootloader n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ea1p v\u00e0o RAM, s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.6 Chuy\u1ec3n quy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n (Transfer Control)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, BIOS chuy\u1ec3n quy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cho bootloader. Bootloader ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u1ea1p kernel c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ban \u0111\u1ea7u, r\u1ed3i chuy\u1ec3n quy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n sang h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, BIOS ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean m\u00e1y t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>T\u00f3m t\u1eaft nhanh quy tr\u00ecnh:<\/strong><br>Power \u2192 BIOS Start \u2192 POST \u2192 Device Init \u2192 Find Boot Device \u2192 Load Bootloader \u2192 Transfer to OS Kernel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tr\u00ean di\u1ec5n ra ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00e0i gi\u00e2y, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201ctr\u00e1i tim\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh &#8211;  n\u01a1i BIOS \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 m\u1edf m\u00e0n cho m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. C\u00e1c l\u1ed7i th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn BIOS v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, BIOS \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p tr\u1ee5c tr\u1eb7c khi\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i  v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, v\u1eeba gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh h\u01a1n khi g\u1eb7p s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bios-err-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"C\u00e1c l\u1ed7i th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn BIOS v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd\" class=\"wp-image-2013\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bios-err-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bios-err-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bios-err-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bios-err-800x533.jpg 800w, https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bios-err.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.1 M\u00e1y kh\u00f4ng POST \/ kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u video<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ed7i th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p nh\u1ea5t: khi b\u1eadt m\u00e1y, qu\u1ea1t v\u1eabn quay nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh t\u1ed1i \u0111en, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c \u00e2m thanh kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n n\u00ean:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>L\u1eafng nghe beep code (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3) \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh linh ki\u1ec7n l\u1ed7i (RAM, GPU, CPU&#8230;).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reset BIOS b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00e1o pin CMOS tr\u00ean bo m\u1ea1ch ch\u1ee7 trong 5\u201310 ph\u00fat ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng jumper CLR_CMOS (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i RAM v\u00e0 card \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang khe c\u1eafm.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.2 BIOS checksum error<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi BIOS ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh b\u1ecb sai l\u1ec7ch, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do pin CMOS y\u1ebfu, c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i, ho\u1eb7c firmware h\u1ecfng.<br>C\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Th\u1eed reset BIOS v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh (Load Default Settings).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thay pin CMOS m\u1edbi n\u1ebfu m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e2u kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, reflash BIOS v\u1edbi phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb website nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.3 Kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c BIOS Setup<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Khi nh\u1ea5n c\u00e1c ph\u00edm nh\u01b0 Del, F2, ho\u1eb7c F10 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c BIOS, h\u00e3y th\u1eed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>D\u00f9ng ph\u00edm kh\u00e1c v\u00ec m\u1ed7i h\u00e3ng bo m\u1ea1ch ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u00edm t\u1eaft kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>R\u00fat thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ngo\u1ea1i vi kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft (USB, \u1ed5 c\u1ee9ng r\u1eddi&#8230;) v\u00ec \u0111\u00f4i khi ch\u00fang g\u00e2y xung \u0111\u1ed9t kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, reset CMOS \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy c\u1eadp BIOS.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.4 BIOS kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u1ed5 c\u1ee9ng<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1eadt l\u00fd ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp sai trong BIOS.<br>C\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1p SATA\/NVMe v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ed5 \u0111\u0129a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u1ed5 \u0111\u0129a (AHCI\/RAID\/IDE) trong BIOS ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u1ed5 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang d\u00f9ng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Th\u1eed \u0111\u1ed5i sang c\u1ed5ng SATA kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt firmware \u1ed5 \u0111\u0129a n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.5 Sau khi c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt BIOS b\u1ecb \u201cbrick\u201d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cBrick\u201d ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 bo m\u1ea1ch ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c do BIOS l\u1ed7i sau khi c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt.<br>C\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>N\u1ebfu bo m\u1ea1ch ch\u1ee7 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 Dual BIOS ho\u1eb7c Backup BIOS, k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 mainboard c\u00f3 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng BIOS Flashback, cho ph\u00e9p n\u1ea1p l\u1ea1i BIOS b\u1eb1ng USB ngay c\u1ea3 khi m\u00e1y kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng tr\u00ean, h\u00e3y li\u00ean h\u1ec7 trung t\u00e2m b\u1ea3o h\u00e0nh ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi can thi\u1ec7p s\u00e2u v\u00e0o BIOS, h\u00e3y ghi l\u1ea1i c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 s\u00e1ch h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn (manual) c\u1ee7a bo m\u1ea1ch ch\u1ee7, v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p x\u1ea5u nh\u1ea5t. BIOS l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ee7i ro l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"645\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bios-error.jpg\" alt=\"C\u00e1c l\u1ed7i th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn BIOS v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd\" class=\"wp-image-2015\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bios-error.jpg 645w, https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bios-error-300x223.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 645px) 100vw, 645px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">BIOS l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng, ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, t\u00ecm thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 n\u1ea1p bootloader \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n. Nh\u1edd BIOS, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng  &#8211;  t\u1eeb CPU, RAM, \u1ed5 \u0111\u0129a \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ngo\u1ea1i vi &#8211;  \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngay khi b\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5n n\u00fat ngu\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 vai tr\u00f2, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a BIOS gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u201cth\u1ee9c d\u1eady\u201d v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, khi g\u1eb7p s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 BIOS c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c nhanh ch\u00f3ng, gi\u1eef cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u00f4n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[1] D. A. Patterson and J. L. Hennessy, <em>Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware\/Software Interface<\/em>, 6th ed. San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 2021.<br>[2] A. S. Tanenbaum and T. Austin, <em>Structured Computer Organization<\/em>, 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2013.<br>[3] B. Brey, <em>The Intel Microprocessors: Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing<\/em>, 8th ed. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning, 2014.<br>[4] J. Katz and Y. Lindell, <em>Introduction to Modern Cryptography<\/em>, 3rd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2020.[5] Kingston Technology, \u201cUnderstanding the difference between RAM and ROM,\u201d <em>Kingston Blog<\/em>, 2023. [Online]. Available: <a>https:\/\/www.kingston.com<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>D\u00f9 nh\u1ecf b\u00e9, BIOS l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u201ctr\u00e1i tim \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1eadp\u201d khi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ki\u1ec3m tra ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng, kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, v\u00e0 trao quy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n cho h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2009,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"googlesitekit_rrm_CAowieHDDA:productID":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1992","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-may-tinh-phan-mem"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1992","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1992"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1992\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3215,"href":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1992\/revisions\/3215"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2009"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1992"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1992"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1992"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}