{"id":1821,"date":"2025-10-05T22:28:07","date_gmt":"2025-10-05T15:28:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/?p=1821"},"modified":"2026-01-15T23:42:51","modified_gmt":"2026-01-15T16:42:51","slug":"ipv4-la-gi-cau-truc-hoat-dong-va-gioi-han-cua-giao-thuc-internet-pho-bien-nhat-hien-nay","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/ipv4-la-gi-cau-truc-hoat-dong-va-gioi-han-cua-giao-thuc-internet-pho-bien-nhat-hien-nay\/","title":{"rendered":"IPv4 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a giao th\u1ee9c Internet ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 m\u1ea1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP lu\u00f4n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u2014 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u201cnh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cg\u1eedi th\u01b0\u201d cho nhau tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng. \u1ede m\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t, <strong>IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4)<\/strong> l\u00e0 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n giao th\u1ee9c IP \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho Internet nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft ng\u00e0y nay. Trong b\u00e0i n\u00e0y, m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f9ng nhau t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u IPv4 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf: kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9, ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, c\u00e1ch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khi truy\u1ec1n g\u00f3i tin, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc config m\u1ea1ng, debug k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i, hay tri\u1ec3n khai \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"820\" height=\"460\" src=\"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/ipv4-1.jpg\" alt=\"IPv4\" class=\"wp-image-3098\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/ipv4-1.jpg 820w, https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/ipv4-1-300x168.jpg 300w, https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/ipv4-1-768x431.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 820px) 100vw, 820px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 IPv4<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>IPv4<\/strong> (Internet Protocol version 4) l\u00e0 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a giao th\u1ee9c Internet, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh danh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb trong m\u1ea1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. N\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf t\u1ea7ng m\u1ea1ng (Network Layer) c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh OSI v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng gi\u00fap c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201cn\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nhau qua Internet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">IPv4 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 <strong>32-bit<\/strong>, cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ea1o ra kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n 4 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ed7i thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i m\u1ea1ng \u2014 t\u1eeb m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn router \u2014 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IPv4 duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eedi v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ba vai tr\u00f2 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a IPv4 g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0110\u1ecbnh danh (Identification):<\/strong> M\u1ed7i thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi nhau.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0110\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn (Routing):<\/strong> Router d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP \u0111\u00edch trong g\u00f3i tin \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u1ed1i \u01b0u, gi\u00fap d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang n\u01a1i.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0110\u00f3ng g\u00f3i v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (Packetization):<\/strong> IPv4 chia d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c <em>packet<\/em> nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n qua m\u1ea1ng, sau \u0111\u00f3 gh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i khi \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/strong>: Trong m\u1ea1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh, router th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1ng <code>192.168.1.x<\/code>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IPv4 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng private, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c trong m\u1ea1ng n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb nh\u01b0 laptop, \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i, TV th\u00f4ng minh giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi nhau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ra ngo\u00e0i Internet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"614\" src=\"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/ipv4.png\" alt=\"Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 IPv4\" class=\"wp-image-1822\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/ipv4.png 1024w, https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/ipv4-300x180.png 300w, https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/ipv4-768x461.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IPv4<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t <strong>\u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IPv4<\/strong> d\u00e0i <strong>32 bit<\/strong>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 4 nh\u00f3m (octet), m\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m g\u1ed3m 8 bit. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft \u1edf d\u1ea1ng dotted-decimal \u2014 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n s\u1ed1 th\u1eadp ph\u00e2n ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m, v\u00ed d\u1ee5: <code>192.168.1.10<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m (octet) c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb 0 \u0111\u1ebfn 255 (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi 2\u2078 \u2212 1). Khi chuy\u1ec3n sang d\u1ea1ng nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>192<\/code> \u2192 <code>11000000<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>168<\/code> \u2192 <code>10101000<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>1<\/code> \u2192 <code>00000001<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>10<\/code> \u2192 <code>00001010<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">G\u1ed9p l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 <code>192.168.1.10<\/code> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n trong nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n l\u00e0:<br><code>11000000 10101000 00000001 00001010<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Subnet Mask v\u00e0 CIDR<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IPv4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai ph\u1ea7n:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Network<\/strong> (ph\u1ea7n m\u1ea1ng): x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Host<\/strong> (ph\u1ea7n m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7): x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eebng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb trong m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Subnet mask<\/strong> gi\u00fap ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch hai ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, subnet mask <code>255.255.255.0<\/code> (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 <code>\/24<\/code> trong k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u CIDR) cho bi\u1ebft 24 bit \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 8 bit cu\u1ed1i l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n host.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e1ch t\u00ednh s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng trong m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng:<br>\u2192 <code>2^(32 - prefix) - 2<\/code> (tr\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 network v\u00e0 broadcast).<br>V\u00ed d\u1ee5, v\u1edbi <code>\/24<\/code>, ta c\u00f3 <code>2^8 - 2 = 254<\/code> \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng cho thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Khi c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh m\u1ea1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng d\u1ea1ng vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft<strong> CIDR<\/strong>, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n <code>192.168.1.0\/24<\/code>. C\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n n\u00e0y ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1ng hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IPv4<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Internet, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IPv4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp (classful addressing). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ng\u00e0y nay k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt <strong>CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing)<\/strong> \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 v\u1eabn r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm v\u1eefng c\u00e1ch IPv4 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u00e1c l\u1edbp IPv4:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Class A:<\/strong> D\u1ea3i t\u1eeb <strong>1.0.0.0 \u0111\u1ebfn 126.255.255.255<\/strong>.<br>D\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, v\u1edbi prefix m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh \/8 (t\u1ee9c 8 bit \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ea1ng, 24 bit c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i cho host).<br>L\u01b0u \u00fd: 127.0.0.0\/8 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c l\u1edbp A th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u2014 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho loopback, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 127.0.0.1, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Class B:<\/strong> D\u1ea3i t\u1eeb 128.0.0.0 \u0111\u1ebfn 191.255.255.255,<br>ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng trung b\u00ecnh, prefix m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 \/16.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Class C:<\/strong> D\u1ea3i t\u1eeb <strong>192.0.0.0 \u0111\u1ebfn 223.255.255.255<\/strong>,<br>d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ea1ng nh\u1ecf, prefix m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh \/24, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p trong m\u1ea1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1ecf.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Class D:<\/strong> <strong>224.0.0.0 \u2013 239.255.255.255<\/strong>,<br>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho multicast \u2014 g\u1eedi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f9ng l\u00fac (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 trong streaming, IPTV).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Class E:<\/strong> <strong>240.0.0.0 \u2013 255.255.255.255<\/strong>,<br>l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m (experimental), kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng trong m\u1ea1ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"650\" height=\"411\" src=\"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/cau-truc-ipv4.jpg\" alt=\"Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IPv4\" class=\"wp-image-1828\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/cau-truc-ipv4.jpg 650w, https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/cau-truc-ipv4-300x190.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1edb:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Loopback (127.0.0.0\/8):<\/strong> Cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 g\u1eedi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 (d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u khi test server ho\u1eb7c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u1ea1ng).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Private (RFC1918):<\/strong> D\u00e0nh cho m\u1ea1ng n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00ean Internet c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>10.0.0.0\/8<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>172.16.0.0\/12 (t\u1eeb 172.16.0.0 \u0111\u1ebfn 172.31.255.255)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>192.168.0.0\/16<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Broadcast:<\/strong> L\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c bit host b\u1eb1ng 1, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 192.168.1.255 trong m\u1ea1ng \/24, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eedi g\u00f3i tin t\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb trong m\u1ea1ng con \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm v\u1eefng <strong>\u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 private v\u00e0 loopback<\/strong> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. C\u00e1ch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a IPv4 trong truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng m\u1ea1ng<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">IPv4 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf t\u1ea7ng 3 (Network Layer) trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh OSI, n\u01a1i n\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ecbnh danh, \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau. Khi m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng g\u1eedi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, t\u1ea7ng Transport (TCP ho\u1eb7c UDP) s\u1ebd chia d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c segment, sau \u0111\u00f3 IPv4 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i (encapsulate) c\u00e1c segment n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh packets (g\u00f3i tin) \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed7i router trung gian s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00edch (Destination Address) trong header c\u1ee7a g\u00f3i IPv4 \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u1ed1i \u01b0u nh\u1ea5t t\u1edbi m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00edch. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 routing (\u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn) \u2014 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i gi\u00fap Internet ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a Header IPv4 (c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng quan tr\u1ecdng)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Version (4 bits):<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n giao th\u1ee9c, lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 4 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi IPv4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>IHL \u2013 Internet Header Length (4 bits):<\/strong> \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n header, gi\u00fap thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Type of Service \/ DSCP:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u01b0u ti\u00ean ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 (QoS) cho g\u00f3i tin.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Total Length:<\/strong> T\u1ed5ng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a g\u00f3i tin (g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 header v\u00e0 payload).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Identification, Flags, Fragment Offset:<\/strong> D\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 gh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i g\u00f3i tin n\u1ebfu k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>TTL (Time To Live):<\/strong> Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfm ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u1ed7i router \u0111i qua s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m TTL \u0111i 1. Khi TTL v\u1ec1 0, g\u00f3i tin b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y \u2014 tr\u00e1nh v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Protocol:<\/strong> Cho bi\u1ebft d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1ea7ng tr\u00ean l\u00e0 g\u00ec, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 TCP (6), UDP (17), ICMP (1)&#8230;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Header Checksum:<\/strong> Ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ed7i trong ph\u1ea7n header, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb sai s\u00f3t.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Source Address \/ Destination Address:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00edch (32-bit).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Options (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3):<\/strong> C\u00e1c t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00edt d\u00f9ng trong m\u1ea1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n, n\u1ebfu g\u00f3i tin qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn so v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n, router c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia nh\u1ecf g\u00f3i tin (fragmentation) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111i qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u1ede ph\u00eda nh\u1eadn, c\u00e1c g\u00f3i nh\u1ecf s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i (reassembly) th\u00e0nh g\u00f3i ban \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u1edd c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y, IPv4 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n tr\u01a1n tru qua nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc hay c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb trung gian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"646\" src=\"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/ipv4-network-1024x646.png\" alt=\"C\u00e1ch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a IPv4 trong truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng m\u1ea1ng\" class=\"wp-image-1830\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/ipv4-network-1024x646.png 1024w, https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/ipv4-network-300x189.png 300w, https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/ipv4-network-768x484.png 768w, https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/ipv4-network.png 1300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a IPv4<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 IPv4 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Internet trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i m\u1ea1ng \u2014 t\u1eeb m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i cho t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb IoT \u2014 giao th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 IPv4 \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.1. H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">IPv4 ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 32 bit \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 4.294.967.296 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3. Con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i khi h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i Internet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n b\u1ecb d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 private, broadcast, loopback), khi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3m. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p Internet (ISP) \u0111\u00e3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IPv4, bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i xoay s\u1edf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.2. C\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">NAT (Network Address Translation)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">NAT \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 <strong>chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 private \u2194 public<\/strong>, cho ph\u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb trong m\u1ea1ng n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 chia s\u1ebb c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng khi truy c\u1eadp Internet.<br>C\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Static NAT:<\/strong> \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 1-1 gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 private v\u00e0 public.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Dynamic NAT:<\/strong> \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 trong d\u1ea3i public c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>PAT (Port Address Translation):<\/strong> nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb d\u00f9ng chung 1 IP public, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1c port.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">NAT gi\u00fap ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea7n k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 P2P, VoIP ho\u1eb7c game online. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u1eb7c truy v\u1ebft host c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">DHCP gi\u00fap t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea5p ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP \u0111\u1ed9ng trong m\u1ea1ng n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, tr\u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 d\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 private.<br>V\u00ed d\u1ee5: m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n IP khi n\u00f3 \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u2014 khi ng\u1eaft k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb kh\u00e1c, t\u1ed1i \u01b0u t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.3. C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a IPv4<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>B\u1ea3o m\u1eadt:<\/strong> IPv4 kh\u00f4ng t\u00edch h\u1ee3p s\u1eb5n c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf m\u00e3 h\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c, khi\u1ebfn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb nghe l\u00e9n ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o. Giao th\u1ee9c IPSec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai kh\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Fragmentation:<\/strong> Khi g\u00f3i tin v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ed1i \u0111a (MTU), IPv4 s\u1ebd chia nh\u1ecf g\u00f3i tin (fragment). Tuy nhi\u00ean, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng v\u00e0 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5. Trong m\u1ea1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u01b0u ti\u00ean tr\u00e1nh fragmentation b\u1eb1ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt PMTUD (Path MTU Discovery).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u1eady l\u00e0 trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng nhau t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1 k\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 <strong>IPv4<\/strong> \u2014 m\u1ed9t giao th\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng quen thu\u1ed9c nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb1ng sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a IPv4 trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh danh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u00ecnh c\u00f9ng b\u1ea1n \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac 32-bit, c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 theo d\u1ea1ng dotted-decimal, c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 subnet mask v\u00e0 CIDR.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 (A\u2013E), \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 private, loopback, broadcast, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch IPv4 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u qua m\u1ea1ng th\u00f4ng qua header v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf routing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a IPv4 nh\u01b0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9, hay c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi nh\u01b0 NAT v\u00e0 DHCP. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho IPv6 \u2014 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[1] J. Postel, \u201cInternet Protocol,\u201d RFC 791, Issued: Sep. 1981.<br>[2] T. Li, \u201cWhat Is an IP Address?\u201d, Cisco Systems, Online. Available: <a>https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/<\/a>.<br>[3] Cloudflare, \u201cWhat is IPv4?\u201d, Cloudflare Learning Center, Online. Available: <a>https:\/\/www.cloudflare.com\/learning\/<\/a>.<br>[4] Python Software Foundation, \u201csocket \u2014 Low-level networking interface,\u201d Python 3 Documentation, Online. Available: <a>https:\/\/docs.python.org\/3\/library\/socket.html<\/a>.<br>[5] K. Gill, \u201cRFC 1918 \u2014 Address Allocation for Private Internets,\u201d RFC 1918, Feb. 1996.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pv4 (Internet Protocol version 4) l\u00e0 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a giao th\u1ee9c Internet, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh danh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb trong m\u1ea1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. N\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf t\u1ea7ng m\u1ea1ng (Network Layer) c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh OSI v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng gi\u00fap c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201cn\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nhau qua Internet.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3096,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"googlesitekit_rrm_CAowieHDDA:productID":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1821","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mang-may-tinh"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1821","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1821"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1821\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3099,"href":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1821\/revisions\/3099"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3096"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1821"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1821"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1821"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}