{"id":1456,"date":"2025-09-27T10:24:33","date_gmt":"2025-09-27T03:24:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/?p=1456"},"modified":"2026-03-25T14:32:22","modified_gmt":"2026-03-25T07:32:22","slug":"hieu-va-su-dung-match-case-trong-python-3-10-bi-quyet-viet-code-gon-gang-hon","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/hieu-va-su-dung-match-case-trong-python-3-10-bi-quyet-viet-code-gon-gang-hon\/","title":{"rendered":"Hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Match-Case trong Python 3.10+: B\u00ed quy\u1ebft vi\u1ebft code g\u1ecdn g\u00e0ng h\u01a1n"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Python t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft l\u00fd <strong>&#8220;Simple is better than complex&#8221;<\/strong> \u2013 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn, d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do khi\u1ebfn Python \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n web, khoa h\u1ecdc d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Python 3.10 ra \u0111\u1eddi, vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac <code>if-elif-else<\/code>. Khi x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, \u0111o\u1ea1n code c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u00e0i d\u00f2ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 theo d\u00f5i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, Python 3.10 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u1edbi mang t\u00ean <strong><code>match-case<\/code><\/strong>. C\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m <em>pattern matching<\/em> (kh\u1edbp m\u1eabu) trong c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>match-case<\/code> l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 c\u00fa ph\u00e1p c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>C\u00e1c c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00e2ng cao.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf trong l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a <code>match-case<\/code>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. T\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh Match-Case<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh <code>match-case<\/code> trong Python cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta so kh\u1edbp m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c &#8220;m\u1eabu&#8221; (patterns) kh\u00e1c nhau. N\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 <code>switch-case<\/code> trong c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef nh\u01b0 C, Java, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00fa ph\u00e1p c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a <code>match-case<\/code> nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kevinbatdorf-code-block-pro\" data-code-block-pro-font-family=\"Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono\" style=\"font-size:.875rem;font-family:Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono,ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;line-height:1.25rem;--cbp-tab-width:2;tab-size:var(--cbp-tab-width, 2)\"><span style=\"display:block;padding:16px 0 0 16px;margin-bottom:-1px;width:100%;text-align:left;background-color:#2e3440ff\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"54\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 54 14\"><g fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" transform=\"translate(1 1)\"><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FF5F56\" stroke=\"#E0443E\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"26\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FFBD2E\" stroke=\"#DEA123\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"46\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#27C93F\" stroke=\"#1AAB29\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><\/g><\/svg><\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" style=\"color:#d8dee9ff;display:none\" aria-label=\"Copy\" class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button\"><pre class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-pre\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><textarea class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-textarea\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\" readonly>match variable:\n    case pattern1:\n        # h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng khi kh\u1edbp pattern1\n    case pattern2:\n        # h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng khi kh\u1edbp pattern2\n    case _:\n        # m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edbp pattern n\u00e0o<\/textarea><\/pre><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" style=\"width:24px;height:24px\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path class=\"with-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2m-6 9l2 2 4-4\"><\/path><path class=\"without-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><pre class=\"shiki nord\" style=\"background-color: #2e3440ff\" tabindex=\"0\"><code><span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">match<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> variable<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> pattern1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #616E88\"># h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng khi kh\u1edbp pattern1<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> pattern2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #616E88\"># h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng khi kh\u1edbp pattern2<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> _<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #616E88\"># m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edbp pattern n\u00e0o<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kevinbatdorf-code-block-pro\" data-code-block-pro-font-family=\"Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono\" style=\"font-size:.875rem;font-family:Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono,ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;line-height:1.25rem;--cbp-tab-width:2;tab-size:var(--cbp-tab-width, 2)\"><span style=\"display:block;padding:16px 0 0 16px;margin-bottom:-1px;width:100%;text-align:left;background-color:#2e3440ff\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"54\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 54 14\"><g fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" transform=\"translate(1 1)\"><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FF5F56\" stroke=\"#E0443E\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"26\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FFBD2E\" stroke=\"#DEA123\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"46\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#27C93F\" stroke=\"#1AAB29\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><\/g><\/svg><\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" style=\"color:#d8dee9ff;display:none\" aria-label=\"Copy\" class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button\"><pre class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-pre\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><textarea class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-textarea\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\" readonly>day = \"Monday\"\n\nmatch day:\n    case \"Monday\":\n        print(\"Start of the week\")\n    case \"Friday\":\n        print(\"Weekend is near\")\n    case _:\n        print(\"Just another day\")\n<\/textarea><\/pre><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" style=\"width:24px;height:24px\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path class=\"with-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2m-6 9l2 2 4-4\"><\/path><path class=\"without-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><pre class=\"shiki nord\" style=\"background-color: #2e3440ff\" tabindex=\"0\"><code><span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">day <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">Monday<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">match<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> day<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">Monday<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">Start of the week<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">)<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">Friday<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">Weekend is near<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">)<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> _<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">Just another day<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">)<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh v\u1edbi <code>if-elif-else<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>if-elif-else<\/code> ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n logic.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>match-case<\/code> ki\u1ec3m tra m\u1eabu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (pattern), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1ed1, chu\u1ed7i, tuple, list, ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. C\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Match-Case trong Python<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.1. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 ho\u1eb7c chu\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kevinbatdorf-code-block-pro\" data-code-block-pro-font-family=\"Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono\" style=\"font-size:.875rem;font-family:Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono,ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;line-height:1.25rem;--cbp-tab-width:2;tab-size:var(--cbp-tab-width, 2)\"><span style=\"display:block;padding:16px 0 0 16px;margin-bottom:-1px;width:100%;text-align:left;background-color:#2e3440ff\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"54\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 54 14\"><g fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" transform=\"translate(1 1)\"><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FF5F56\" stroke=\"#E0443E\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"26\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FFBD2E\" stroke=\"#DEA123\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"46\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#27C93F\" stroke=\"#1AAB29\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><\/g><\/svg><\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" style=\"color:#d8dee9ff;display:none\" aria-label=\"Copy\" class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button\"><pre class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-pre\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><textarea class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-textarea\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\" readonly>color = \"red\"\n\nmatch color:\n    case \"red\":\n        print(\"Stop\")\n    case \"green\":\n        print(\"Go\")\n    case \"yellow\":\n        print(\"Caution\")\n    case _:\n        print(\"Unknown color\")<\/textarea><\/pre><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" style=\"width:24px;height:24px\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path class=\"with-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2m-6 9l2 2 4-4\"><\/path><path class=\"without-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><pre class=\"shiki nord\" style=\"background-color: #2e3440ff\" tabindex=\"0\"><code><span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">color <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">red<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">match<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> color<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">red<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">Stop<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">)<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">green<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">Go<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">)<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">yellow<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">Caution<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">)<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> _<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">Unknown color<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">)<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.2. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb (OR patterns)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t <code>case<\/code> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eabu b\u1eb1ng to\u00e1n t\u1eed <code>|<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kevinbatdorf-code-block-pro\" data-code-block-pro-font-family=\"Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono\" style=\"font-size:.875rem;font-family:Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono,ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;line-height:1.25rem;--cbp-tab-width:2;tab-size:var(--cbp-tab-width, 2)\"><span style=\"display:block;padding:16px 0 0 16px;margin-bottom:-1px;width:100%;text-align:left;background-color:#2e3440ff\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"54\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 54 14\"><g fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" transform=\"translate(1 1)\"><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FF5F56\" stroke=\"#E0443E\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"26\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FFBD2E\" stroke=\"#DEA123\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"46\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#27C93F\" stroke=\"#1AAB29\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><\/g><\/svg><\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" style=\"color:#d8dee9ff;display:none\" aria-label=\"Copy\" class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button\"><pre class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-pre\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><textarea class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-textarea\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\" readonly>month = 2\n\nmatch month:\n    case 1 | 2 | 3:\n        print(\"First Quarter\")\n    case 4 | 5 | 6:\n        print(\"Second Quarter\")\n    case _:\n        print(\"Other Quarters\")<\/textarea><\/pre><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" style=\"width:24px;height:24px\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path class=\"with-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2m-6 9l2 2 4-4\"><\/path><path class=\"without-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><pre class=\"shiki nord\" style=\"background-color: #2e3440ff\" tabindex=\"0\"><code><span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">month <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">2<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">match<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> month<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">|<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">|<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">3<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">First Quarter<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">)<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">4<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">|<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">5<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">|<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">6<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">Second Quarter<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">)<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> _<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">Other Quarters<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">)<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.3. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e1n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u1edbp v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kevinbatdorf-code-block-pro\" data-code-block-pro-font-family=\"Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono\" style=\"font-size:.875rem;font-family:Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono,ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;line-height:1.25rem;--cbp-tab-width:2;tab-size:var(--cbp-tab-width, 2)\"><span style=\"display:block;padding:16px 0 0 16px;margin-bottom:-1px;width:100%;text-align:left;background-color:#2e3440ff\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"54\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 54 14\"><g fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" transform=\"translate(1 1)\"><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FF5F56\" stroke=\"#E0443E\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"26\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FFBD2E\" stroke=\"#DEA123\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"46\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#27C93F\" stroke=\"#1AAB29\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><\/g><\/svg><\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" style=\"color:#d8dee9ff;display:none\" aria-label=\"Copy\" class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button\"><pre class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-pre\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><textarea class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-textarea\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\" readonly>value = 42\n\nmatch value:\n    case x:\n        print(f\"Matched value: {x}\")\n<\/textarea><\/pre><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" style=\"width:24px;height:24px\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path class=\"with-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2m-6 9l2 2 4-4\"><\/path><path class=\"without-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><pre class=\"shiki nord\" style=\"background-color: #2e3440ff\" tabindex=\"0\"><code><span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">value <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">42<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">match<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> value<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> x<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">f<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">&quot;Matched value: <\/span><span style=\"color: #EBCB8B\">{<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">x<\/span><span style=\"color: #EBCB8B\">}<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">)<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1ede v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho <code>x<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.4. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (list, tuple)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><code>match-case<\/code> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb danh s\u00e1ch ho\u1eb7c tuple.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kevinbatdorf-code-block-pro\" data-code-block-pro-font-family=\"Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono\" style=\"font-size:.875rem;font-family:Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono,ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;line-height:1.25rem;--cbp-tab-width:2;tab-size:var(--cbp-tab-width, 2)\"><span style=\"display:block;padding:16px 0 0 16px;margin-bottom:-1px;width:100%;text-align:left;background-color:#2e3440ff\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"54\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 54 14\"><g fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" transform=\"translate(1 1)\"><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FF5F56\" stroke=\"#E0443E\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"26\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FFBD2E\" stroke=\"#DEA123\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"46\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#27C93F\" stroke=\"#1AAB29\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><\/g><\/svg><\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" style=\"color:#d8dee9ff;display:none\" aria-label=\"Copy\" class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button\"><pre class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-pre\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><textarea class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-textarea\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\" readonly>point = (0, 5)\n\nmatch point:\n    case (0, y):\n        print(f\"Point on Y-axis at {y}\")\n    case (x, 0):\n        print(f\"Point on X-axis at {x}\")\n    case (x, y):\n        print(f\"Point at ({x}, {y})\")<\/textarea><\/pre><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" style=\"width:24px;height:24px\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path class=\"with-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2m-6 9l2 2 4-4\"><\/path><path class=\"without-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><pre class=\"shiki nord\" style=\"background-color: #2e3440ff\" tabindex=\"0\"><code><span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">point <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">,<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">5<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">)<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">match<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> point<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">,<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> y<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">):<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">f<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">&quot;Point on Y-axis at <\/span><span style=\"color: #EBCB8B\">{<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">y<\/span><span style=\"color: #EBCB8B\">}<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">)<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">x<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">,<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">):<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">f<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">&quot;Point on X-axis at <\/span><span style=\"color: #EBCB8B\">{<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">x<\/span><span style=\"color: #EBCB8B\">}<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">)<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">x<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">,<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> y<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">):<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">f<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">&quot;Point at (<\/span><span style=\"color: #EBCB8B\">{<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">x<\/span><span style=\"color: #EBCB8B\">}<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">, <\/span><span style=\"color: #EBCB8B\">{<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">y<\/span><span style=\"color: #EBCB8B\">}<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">)&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">)<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.5. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi class v\u00e0 dict<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 match theo thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a object ho\u1eb7c key trong dictionary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kevinbatdorf-code-block-pro\" data-code-block-pro-font-family=\"Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono\" style=\"font-size:.875rem;font-family:Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono,ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;line-height:1.25rem;--cbp-tab-width:2;tab-size:var(--cbp-tab-width, 2)\"><span style=\"display:block;padding:16px 0 0 16px;margin-bottom:-1px;width:100%;text-align:left;background-color:#2e3440ff\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"54\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 54 14\"><g fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" transform=\"translate(1 1)\"><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FF5F56\" stroke=\"#E0443E\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"26\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FFBD2E\" stroke=\"#DEA123\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"46\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#27C93F\" stroke=\"#1AAB29\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><\/g><\/svg><\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" style=\"color:#d8dee9ff;display:none\" aria-label=\"Copy\" class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button\"><pre class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-pre\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><textarea class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-textarea\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\" readonly>person = {\"name\": \"Alice\", \"age\": 25}\n\nmatch person:\n    case {\"name\": name, \"age\": age}:\n        print(f\"{name} is {age} years old\")\n    case _:\n        print(\"Unknown person\")<\/textarea><\/pre><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" style=\"width:24px;height:24px\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path class=\"with-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2m-6 9l2 2 4-4\"><\/path><path class=\"without-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><pre class=\"shiki nord\" style=\"background-color: #2e3440ff\" tabindex=\"0\"><code><span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">person <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">{<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">Alice<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">,<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">age<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">25<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">}<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">match<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> person<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">{<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">,<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">age<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> age<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">}:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">f<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #EBCB8B\">{<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #EBCB8B\">}<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\"> is <\/span><span style=\"color: #EBCB8B\">{<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">age<\/span><span style=\"color: #EBCB8B\">}<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\"> years old&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">)<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> _<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">Unknown person<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">)<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.6. Wildcard v\u00e0 case m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u00f9ng <code>_<\/code> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 &#8220;kh\u1edbp m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9&#8221;. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1ed1ng <code>default<\/code> trong <code>switch-case<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kevinbatdorf-code-block-pro\" data-code-block-pro-font-family=\"Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono\" style=\"font-size:.875rem;font-family:Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono,ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;line-height:1.25rem;--cbp-tab-width:2;tab-size:var(--cbp-tab-width, 2)\"><span style=\"display:block;padding:16px 0 0 16px;margin-bottom:-1px;width:100%;text-align:left;background-color:#2e3440ff\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"54\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 54 14\"><g fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" transform=\"translate(1 1)\"><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FF5F56\" stroke=\"#E0443E\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"26\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FFBD2E\" stroke=\"#DEA123\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"46\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#27C93F\" stroke=\"#1AAB29\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><\/g><\/svg><\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" style=\"color:#d8dee9ff;display:none\" aria-label=\"Copy\" class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button\"><pre class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-pre\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><textarea class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-textarea\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\" readonly>animal = \"dog\"\n\nmatch animal:\n    case \"cat\":\n        print(\"Meow\")\n    case \"dog\":\n        print(\"Woof\")\n    case _:\n        print(\"Unknown sound\")\n<\/textarea><\/pre><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" style=\"width:24px;height:24px\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path class=\"with-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2m-6 9l2 2 4-4\"><\/path><path class=\"without-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><pre class=\"shiki nord\" style=\"background-color: #2e3440ff\" tabindex=\"0\"><code><span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">animal <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">dog<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">match<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> animal<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">cat<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">Meow<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">)<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">dog<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">Woof<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">)<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> _<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">Unknown sound<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">)<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. C\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng n\u00e2ng cao<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.1. Guards (\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n trong case)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00eam <code>if<\/code> \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ecdc d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u1edbp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kevinbatdorf-code-block-pro\" data-code-block-pro-font-family=\"Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono\" style=\"font-size:.875rem;font-family:Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono,ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;line-height:1.25rem;--cbp-tab-width:2;tab-size:var(--cbp-tab-width, 2)\"><span style=\"display:block;padding:16px 0 0 16px;margin-bottom:-1px;width:100%;text-align:left;background-color:#2e3440ff\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"54\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 54 14\"><g fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" transform=\"translate(1 1)\"><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FF5F56\" stroke=\"#E0443E\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"26\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FFBD2E\" stroke=\"#DEA123\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"46\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#27C93F\" stroke=\"#1AAB29\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><\/g><\/svg><\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" style=\"color:#d8dee9ff;display:none\" aria-label=\"Copy\" class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button\"><pre class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-pre\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><textarea class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-textarea\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\" readonly>num = 10\n\nmatch num:\n    case int() if num > 0:\n        print(\"Positive integer\")\n    case int() if num &lt; 0:\n        print(\"Negative integer\")\n    case _:\n        print(\"Zero or not an integer\")<\/textarea><\/pre><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" style=\"width:24px;height:24px\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path class=\"with-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2m-6 9l2 2 4-4\"><\/path><path class=\"without-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><pre class=\"shiki nord\" style=\"background-color: #2e3440ff\" tabindex=\"0\"><code><span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">num <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">10<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">match<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> num<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">()<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">if<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> num <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">&gt;<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">Positive integer<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">)<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">int<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">()<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">if<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> num <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">&lt;<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">0<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">Negative integer<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">)<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> _<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">Zero or not an integer<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">)<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.2. Nested match-case<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c <code>match-case<\/code> \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kevinbatdorf-code-block-pro\" data-code-block-pro-font-family=\"Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono\" style=\"font-size:.875rem;font-family:Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono,ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;line-height:1.25rem;--cbp-tab-width:2;tab-size:var(--cbp-tab-width, 2)\"><span style=\"display:block;padding:16px 0 0 16px;margin-bottom:-1px;width:100%;text-align:left;background-color:#2e3440ff\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"54\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 54 14\"><g fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" transform=\"translate(1 1)\"><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FF5F56\" stroke=\"#E0443E\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"26\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FFBD2E\" stroke=\"#DEA123\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"46\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#27C93F\" stroke=\"#1AAB29\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><\/g><\/svg><\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" style=\"color:#d8dee9ff;display:none\" aria-label=\"Copy\" class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button\"><pre class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-pre\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><textarea class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-textarea\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\" readonly>data = (\"user\", {\"name\": \"Alice\", \"role\": \"admin\"})\n\nmatch data:\n    case (\"user\", {\"name\": name, \"role\": role}):\n        match role:\n            case \"admin\":\n                print(f\"{name} is an administrator\")\n            case \"guest\":\n                print(f\"{name} is a guest\")<\/textarea><\/pre><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" style=\"width:24px;height:24px\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path class=\"with-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2m-6 9l2 2 4-4\"><\/path><path class=\"without-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><pre class=\"shiki nord\" style=\"background-color: #2e3440ff\" tabindex=\"0\"><code><span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">data <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">user<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">,<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">{<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">Alice<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">,<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">role<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">admin<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">})<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">match<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> data<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">user<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">,<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">{<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> name<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">,<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">role<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> role<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">}):<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">match<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> role<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">            <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">admin<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">                <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">f<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #EBCB8B\">{<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #EBCB8B\">}<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\"> is an administrator&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">)<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">            <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">guest<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">                <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">f<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #EBCB8B\">{<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">name<\/span><span style=\"color: #EBCB8B\">}<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\"> is a guest&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">)<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.1. X\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u JSON t\u1eeb API<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kevinbatdorf-code-block-pro\" data-code-block-pro-font-family=\"Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono\" style=\"font-size:.875rem;font-family:Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono,ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;line-height:1.25rem;--cbp-tab-width:2;tab-size:var(--cbp-tab-width, 2)\"><span style=\"display:block;padding:16px 0 0 16px;margin-bottom:-1px;width:100%;text-align:left;background-color:#2e3440ff\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"54\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 54 14\"><g fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" transform=\"translate(1 1)\"><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FF5F56\" stroke=\"#E0443E\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"26\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FFBD2E\" stroke=\"#DEA123\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"46\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#27C93F\" stroke=\"#1AAB29\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><\/g><\/svg><\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" style=\"color:#d8dee9ff;display:none\" aria-label=\"Copy\" class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button\"><pre class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-pre\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><textarea class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-textarea\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\" readonly>response = {\"status\": 200, \"data\": {\"user\": \"Alice\"}}\n\nmatch response:\n    case {\"status\": 200, \"data\": {\"user\": user}}:\n        print(f\"User found: {user}\")\n    case {\"status\": 404}:\n        print(\"User not found\")\n    case _:\n        print(\"Unknown response\")<\/textarea><\/pre><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" style=\"width:24px;height:24px\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path class=\"with-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2m-6 9l2 2 4-4\"><\/path><path class=\"without-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><pre class=\"shiki nord\" style=\"background-color: #2e3440ff\" tabindex=\"0\"><code><span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">response <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">{<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">status<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">200<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">,<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">data<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">{<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">user<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">Alice<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">}}<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">match<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> response<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">{<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">status<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">200<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">,<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">data<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">{<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">user<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> user<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">}}:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">f<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">&quot;User found: <\/span><span style=\"color: #EBCB8B\">{<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">user<\/span><span style=\"color: #EBCB8B\">}<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">)<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">{<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">status<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">404<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">}:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">User not found<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">)<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> _<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">Unknown response<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">)<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.2. X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng chatbot \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kevinbatdorf-code-block-pro\" data-code-block-pro-font-family=\"Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono\" style=\"font-size:.875rem;font-family:Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono,ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;line-height:1.25rem;--cbp-tab-width:2;tab-size:var(--cbp-tab-width, 2)\"><span style=\"display:block;padding:16px 0 0 16px;margin-bottom:-1px;width:100%;text-align:left;background-color:#2e3440ff\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"54\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 54 14\"><g fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" transform=\"translate(1 1)\"><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FF5F56\" stroke=\"#E0443E\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"26\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FFBD2E\" stroke=\"#DEA123\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"46\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#27C93F\" stroke=\"#1AAB29\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><\/g><\/svg><\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" style=\"color:#d8dee9ff;display:none\" aria-label=\"Copy\" class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button\"><pre class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-pre\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><textarea class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-textarea\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\" readonly>message = \"hello\"\n\nmatch message.lower():\n    case \"hello\" | \"hi\":\n        print(\"Hi there! How can I help?\")\n    case \"bye\":\n        print(\"Goodbye!\")\n    case _:\n        print(\"I don't understand.\")<\/textarea><\/pre><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" style=\"width:24px;height:24px\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path class=\"with-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2m-6 9l2 2 4-4\"><\/path><path class=\"without-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><pre class=\"shiki nord\" style=\"background-color: #2e3440ff\" tabindex=\"0\"><code><span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">message <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">hello<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">match<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> message<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">.<\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">lower<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">():<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">hello<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">|<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">hi<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">Hi there! How can I help?<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">)<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">bye<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">Goodbye!<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">)<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> _<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">I don&#39;t understand.<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">)<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.3. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00fa ph\u00e1p (parser)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng parser cho ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef nh\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kevinbatdorf-code-block-pro\" data-code-block-pro-font-family=\"Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono\" style=\"font-size:.875rem;font-family:Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono,ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;line-height:1.25rem;--cbp-tab-width:2;tab-size:var(--cbp-tab-width, 2)\"><span style=\"display:block;padding:16px 0 0 16px;margin-bottom:-1px;width:100%;text-align:left;background-color:#2e3440ff\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"54\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 54 14\"><g fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" transform=\"translate(1 1)\"><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FF5F56\" stroke=\"#E0443E\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"26\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#FFBD2E\" stroke=\"#DEA123\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"46\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#27C93F\" stroke=\"#1AAB29\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><\/g><\/svg><\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" style=\"color:#d8dee9ff;display:none\" aria-label=\"Copy\" class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button\"><pre class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-pre\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><textarea class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-textarea\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\" readonly>expr = (\"add\", 1, 2)\n\nmatch expr:\n    case (\"add\", x, y):\n        print(x + y)\n    case (\"sub\", x, y):\n        print(x - y)\n    case _:\n        print(\"Unknown operation\")\n<\/textarea><\/pre><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" style=\"width:24px;height:24px\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path class=\"with-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2m-6 9l2 2 4-4\"><\/path><path class=\"without-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M9 5H7a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2h-2M9 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M9 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><pre class=\"shiki nord\" style=\"background-color: #2e3440ff\" tabindex=\"0\"><code><span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">expr <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">=<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">add<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">,<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">1<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">,<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #B48EAD\">2<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">)<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">match<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> expr<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">add<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">,<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> x<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">,<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> y<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">):<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">x <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">+<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> y<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">)<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">sub<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">,<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> x<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">,<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> y<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">):<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">x <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">-<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> y<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">)<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">    <\/span><span style=\"color: #81A1C1\">case<\/span><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\"> _<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">:<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #D8DEE9FF\">        <\/span><span style=\"color: #88C0D0\">print<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #A3BE8C\">Unknown operation<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">&quot;<\/span><span style=\"color: #ECEFF4\">)<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.4. Thay th\u1ebf chu\u1ed7i <code>if-elif-else<\/code> d\u00e0i<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u1edbi <code>match-case<\/code>, code s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc h\u01a1n khi c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m tra nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>C\u00fa ph\u00e1p g\u1ecdn g\u00e0ng, d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc, thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u <code>if-elif-else<\/code>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 pattern ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p (tuple, list, dict, object).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>M\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0m.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb Python 3.10 tr\u1edf \u0111i.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f3 l\u00e0m quen v\u00ec c\u00fa ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 IDE ho\u1eb7c plugin c\u0169 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u01b0a h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1ed1t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh <code>match-case<\/code> \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i m\u1edbi cho vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft code Python: ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn h\u01a1n, d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. V\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng so kh\u1edbp m\u1eabu linh ho\u1ea1t, l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi Python, h\u00e3y th\u1eed \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng <code>match-case<\/code> v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u1ecf. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1i l\u1ea1 l\u1eabm, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 quen, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 h\u1eefu \u00edch v\u00e0 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Python Software Foundation. (2021). <em>PEP 634 \u2013 Structural Pattern Matching: Specification<\/em>. Retrieved from <a>https:\/\/peps.python.org\/pep-0634\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Python Software Foundation. (2021). <em>PEP 635 \u2013 Structural Pattern Matching: Motivation and Rationale<\/em>. Retrieved from <a>https:\/\/peps.python.org\/pep-0635\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Python Software Foundation. (2021). <em>PEP 636 \u2013 Structural Pattern Matching: Tutorial<\/em>. Retrieved from <a>https:\/\/peps.python.org\/pep-0636\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Python Software Foundation. (2023). <em>The match statement<\/em>. In <em>Python Documentation<\/em>. Retrieved from <a>https:\/\/docs.python.org\/3\/reference\/compound_stmts.html#the-match-statement<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Python for Professionals: Learning Python as a Second Language: <a href=\"https:\/\/click.linksynergy.com\/link?id=*C\/UgjGtUZ8&amp;offerid=1562891.3721710002222624882405978&amp;type=15&amp;murl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kobo.com%2Fus%2Fen%2Febook%2Fpython-for-professionals-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.kobo.com\/us\/en\/ebook\/python-for-professionals-3<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Python: Deeper Insights into Machine Learning: <a href=\"https:\/\/click.linksynergy.com\/link?id=*C\/UgjGtUZ8&amp;offerid=1562891.3721710015810095319857183&amp;type=15&amp;murl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kobo.com%2Fus%2Fen%2Febook%2Fpython-deeper-insights-into-machine-learning\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.kobo.com\/us\/en\/ebook\/python-deeper-insights-into-machine-learning<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>DataFusion Python Bindings in Practice: The Complete Guide for Developers and Engineers: <a href=\"https:\/\/click.linksynergy.com\/link?id=*C\/UgjGtUZ8&amp;offerid=1562891.3721710049093362364820452&amp;type=15&amp;murl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kobo.com%2Fus%2Fen%2Febook%2Fdatafusion-python-bindings-in-practice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.kobo.com\/us\/en\/ebook\/datafusion-python-bindings-in-practice<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Python 3.10 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u1edbi mang t\u00ean match-case. C\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m pattern matching (kh\u1edbp m\u1eabu) trong c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3786,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"googlesitekit_rrm_CAowieHDDA:productID":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[41],"tags":[40],"class_list":["post-1456","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kien-thuc-lap-trinh","tag-python-co-ban"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1456","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1456"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1456\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3784,"href":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1456\/revisions\/3784"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3786"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1456"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1456"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kienthucmo.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1456"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}